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1.
Neotrop. entomol ; 39(4): 632-637, July-Aug. 2010. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-558853

ABSTRACT

Aqueous solutions of neem oil and aqueous extracts of neem seeds and leaves were sprayed on coffee fruits for laboratory evaluation of their efficiency in reducing infestation of the coffee borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), in multi-choice preference assays in laboratory. Neem oil and extracts reduced infestation of fruits in a dose-dependent manner, acting as a repellent. At 0.5 percent, 1 percent and 1.5 percent, the oil reduced fruit infestation by 30.2 percent, 42.5 percent (P > 0.05), and 58.6 percent (P < 0.05), respectively, as compared with the control. Seed extracts at 1 percent, 2 percent and 4 percent (w/v) reduced infestation by 30.9 percent, 38.3 percent (P > 0.05) and 70.2 percent (P < 0.05), respectively; seed extracts at 0.15 percent, 1.5 percent and 15 percent (w/v) reduced fruit infestation by 16.5 percent, 38.5 percent (P > 0.05) and 56.9 percent (P < 0.05), respectively. Spraying the emulsifiable oil at 1 percent on coffee fruits and adult borers was compared with spraying on fruits or adults only. Adult-only spraying caused low mortality (P > 0.05) and low reduction on the number of damaged fruits (P > 0.05). Fruit-only spraying significantly reduced insect survival rates and the number of damaged fruits (P < 0.05). However, spraying on adults and fruits caused the greatest reduction in adult survival (55.6 percent; P < 0.05) and in fruit infestation (78.7 percent; P < 0.05), probably due to insect mortality and neem oil repellence acting together.


Subject(s)
Animals , Coleoptera/physiology , Coffea/parasitology , Fruit/parasitology , Glycerides/pharmacology , Insect Repellents/pharmacology , Terpenes/pharmacology , Laboratories , Nebulizers and Vaporizers
2.
Neotrop. entomol ; 34(4): 601-606, July-Aug. 2005. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-451377

ABSTRACT

The compatibility of a commercial formula of emulsible neem oil (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) and of aqueous extracts of neem seeds and leaves with Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. was evaluated in vitro. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of each product on the fungus vegetative growth and on conidia production and viability. The products were incorporated to a culture medium (BDA+E) and distributed into petri dishes, in the following concentrations: 0.15 percent; 1.5 percent and 15 percent (leaf aqueous extract), 1 percent; 2 percent and 4 percent (seed aqueous extract) and 0.5 percent; 1 percent and 1.5 percent (emulsible oil). Vegetative growth and conidia production were the basis for characterization of the aqueous extracts of seeds and leaves and of the emulsible oil, using the T classification model for compatibility of products. Seed and leaf extracts were less harmful to B. bassiana than the emulsible oil. Under the tested concentrations, the oil was not compatible with B. bassiana, inhibiting conidia vegetative growth significantly and decreasing production and viability of conidia, particularly at higher concentrations. Neem seed and leaf extracts were compatible with the entomopathogen in all concentrations. The seed extracts reduced conidia vegetative growth and production, but it did not affect the viability of spores. Leaf extract at 15 percent had a small negative impact on vegetative growth, and on production and viability of conidia, but it was still compatible with the fungus B. bassiana, according to the T model.


A compatibilidade de uma formulação comercial de óleo emulsionável de nim (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.), do extrato aquoso de sementes e do extrato aquoso de folhas de nim com Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., foi avaliada in vitro. Foram conduzidos três experimentos para avaliar o efeito de cada um dos produtos no crescimento vegetativo do fungo, e na produção e viabilidade dos conídios. Os produtos foram incorporados ao meio de cultura (PDA+E) e distribuídos em placas de Petri, nas concentrações, 0,15; 1,5 e 15 por cento (extrato aquoso de folhas), 1; 2 e 4 por cento (extrato aquoso de sementes) e 0,5; 1 e 1,5 por cento (óleo emulsionável). Com base no crescimento vegetativo e na produção de conídios, os extratos aquosos de sementes e de folhas e o óleo emulsionável de nim foram caracterizados segundo o modelo T para classificação de compatibilidade de produtos. Os extratos de sementes e de folhas mostraram-se menos prejudiciais a B. bassiana que o óleo emulsionável. Esse produto, nas concentrações testadas, não foi compatível com B. bassiana, inibindo significativamente o crescimento vegetativo e reduzindo a produção e a viabilidade dos conídios com efeitos mais acentuados nas concentrações mais altas. Os extratos de sementes e de folhas de nim foram compatíveis com o entomopatógeno em todas as concentrações testadas. O extrato de sementes reduziu o crescimento vegetativo e a produção de conídios, mas não afetou a viabilidade dos esporos produzidos. Embora o extrato de folhas a 15 por cento tenha reduzido um pouco o crescimento vegetativo e a produção e viabilidade dos conídios, ainda se manteve compatível com o fungo B. bassiana, segundo o modelo T.


Subject(s)
Azadirachta , Beauveria , Fungi , Pest Control , Pest Control, Biological , Plant Oils , Plants , Selection, Genetic
3.
Neotrop. entomol ; 33(6): 751-757, Nov.-Dec. 2004. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-512697

ABSTRACT

The effects of the neem seed oil aqueous solutions on survival and performance of egg, larva and adult stage of the Coccinelid predator Cycloneda sanguinea (L.) were evaluated under laboratory conditions. In a first trial, eggs and 2nd-instar larvae were sprayed with the neem solutions at 0; 0.5 and 2.25 ml/l and kept at 25 ± 1°C, 70 percent RH and 14h photoperiod. Egg viability and duration and larvae and pupae survival were evaluated as well as the predatory capacity of the larvae, adult longevity and reproduction. Egg spraying did not affect egg hatch or larvae survival and development. When the larvae were sprayed, significant mortality was observed only at the higher concentration (P < 0.05) and larval development and predatory capacity were not affected. Also, adults originated from treated larvae showed no alterations on sex rate, fecundity, fertility and longevity, thus indicating that at the tested concentrations the neem oil do not reduce the reproductive potential of the species. In a second experiment, adults collected in the field were sprayed with neem oil or kept on Parthenium sp. twigs sprayed with the neem oil aqueous solution at 5 ml/l, to evaluate survival. The neem oil at this concentration caused no mortality to the adults, since all of them, sprayed or kept on sprayed twigs, presented a longevity curve similar to untreated ones. The results indicate that the neem oil presents potential to be used in association with biological control of pests, when C. sanguinea is present.


Os efeitos de soluções aquosas do óleo de sementes de nim sobre o predador Cycloneda sanguinea (L.), nos estágios de ovo, larva e adulto, foram avaliados em laboratório. Em um primeiro experimento, ovos e larvas de 2° ínstar foram pulverizados com as soluções de nim nas concentrações de 0; 0, 5 e 2,25 ml/l de água apresentaram mortalidade significativa (P < 0,05) somente na maior concentração e o desenvolvimento larval e a capacidade predatória não foram afetados. Os adultos originados de larvas tratadas não apresentaram alterações da razão sexual, fecundidade, fertilidade e longevidade, indicando que nas concentrações testadas o óleo de nim não reduz o potencial reprodutivo da espécie. Em um segundo experimento, adultos da joaninha coletados no campo foram pulverizados com a solução aquosa de óleo de nim ou mantidos sobre ramos de losna-branca pulverizados na concentração de 5 ml/l de água, para avaliação da sobrevivência. A pulverização do óleo de nim nesta concentração não causou mortalidade nos adultos de C. sanguinea, uma vez que os insetos de ambos tratamentos apresentaram curva de longevidade semelhante à da testemunha. Os resultados demonstram que o nim apresenta potencial para ser utilizado em associação com o controle biológico de pragas, quando C. sanguinea for empregada.

4.
Neotrop. entomol ; 30(1): 113-125, Mar. 2001. ilus, graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-514336

ABSTRACT

Azadirachtin is the most effective compound of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica A. Juss, with insecticidal and growth disruption properties on several species of insects. Its effects on the development and survival of Spodoptora littoralis (Boisduval) were studied under laboratory conditions. Third-instar larvae were individually fed on artificial diet treated with azadirachtin (from 0.01 ppm to 1 ppm wt/v), for two days, and transferred to plain diet. Survival, duration of stages and deformities were recorded daily. In a second experiment, the effects of azadirachtin on 3rd instar larvae and on last instar larvae were compared, by feeding the larvae with treated diet (0.3 ppm, 0.6 ppm and a control group), during the same period. A two-day feeding period promoted prolongation of the larval instars, reduction in the Mean Relative Growth Rate (MRGR), moulting disruption, morphological anomalies and mortality of S. littoralis in a dose-dependent manner. When higher concentrations were applied, the effects appeared shortly after treatment and mortality was higher. Many insects died after remaining inactive for several days or during prolonged moulting. At lower concentrations, if moulting was achieved, growth disruption and abnormalities were then likely to occur at the next moulting cycles. When azadirachtin was fed to last-instar larvae, larva-pupa intermediates were formed and the mortality was higher then for 3rd-instar larvae. Azadirachtin showed promissing for the control of the species not only for causing mortality but also for disrupting the development and for causing deformities involved in vital activities like feeding, walking or flying, making the insect vulnerable to several sorts of mortality agents or prevent them from causing damage to the crop.


A azadiractina é o composto mais eficiente extraído da planta Azadirachta indica A. Juss, com propriedades insecticidas e que afetam o crescimento de diversas espécies de insetos. Seus efeitos no desenvolvimento e na sobrevivência de Spodoptora littoralis (Boisduval) foram estudados em condições de laboratório. Larvas de terceiro ínstar foram aliementada individualmente em dieta artificial tratada com azadiractina (de 0,01 ppm a 1 ppm p/v), por dois dias, e transferidas para dieta pura. A sobrevivência, a duração dos estágios e deformidades foram observados diariamente. Em um segundo experimento, os efeitos da azadiractina sobre lagartas de terceiro ínstar e lagartas de último ínstar foram comparados, após alimentar as lagartas por dois dias, utilizando-se 0,3 ppm e 0,6 ppm do composto e uma testemunha (água). O período de dois dias de alimentação prolongou os ínstares larvais, reduziu a taxa média de crescimento relativo (MRGR), impediu a ecdise, provocou anormalidades morfológicas e causou mortalidade em S. littoralis, de forma dependente da dose. Quando as concentrações mais altas foram empregadas, os efeitos aparecerem logo após o tratamento e a mortalidade foi mais elevada. Muitos insetos morreram após permanecerem inativos por vários dias ou durante ecdises prolongadas. Em concentrações mais baixas, se a ecdise foi completada, alterações no crescimento e anormalidades geralmente ocorreram nos estádios subseqüêntes. Quando a azadiractina foi oferecida às lagartas de último ínstar, intermediários "larva-pupa" foram produzidos e a mortalidade foi mais alta do que para as lagartas de terceiro ínstar. A azadiractina se mostrou promissora para o controle de S. littoralis não apenas por causar mortalidade, mas também por afetar o desenvolvimento e por causar deformidades envolvidas em atividades vitais dos insetos como alimentar-se, caminhar ou voar, o que pode torná-los vulneráveis a diversos tipos de agentes de mortalidade ou evitar ...

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